![]() (46) To go beyond previous studies (including ours), here, we demonstrate, for the first time, its writing capability for any challenging 3D topographic scaffolds by introducing innovative strategies, which will be elaborated on in later sections, to make the polymer jet not only self-switch between the M1/M2 modes but also capable of self-searching minimal/optimal field lines (target specificity) adaptive to any complex 3D templates, unattainable by conventional multijet electrospinning (hereafter, referred to as random jets or RJ). Recently, we revealed a novel “autopilot polymer jet” (AJ) electrospinning, in which the AJ may take two distinctive modes in fabricating highly controllable layered-like but “featureless” scaffolds via self-switching of the armed jet motion (M1) and singlet whipping motion (M2) due to the influence of predeposited polymer charge retention or dissipation, respectively. (18,22−25) Besides, the so-made scaffolds impose high shear stress on cells while occupying a larger area and mass but accommodate lesser cell density, and their poor biodegradability (small surface to volume ratio) affects the tissue regeneration and ECM remodeling within these scaffolds. (20,21) The computer-controlled motion produced microarchitectures mostly limited to tessellated grid-like patterns and failed to facilitate 3D cell network formation and vascularization as in native tissues, a necessary feature to carry out the essential biophysical and biochemical functions. (18,19) These approaches may have constructed scaffolds of shapes mimicking in part or the organ size however, they become solid as they cure to yield mechanically inflexible and nonstretchable structures that poorly match the physiological conditions of the human body. (7,15−17) In 3D bioprinting, cell and biomaterials are laid in the hydrogel (bioink) form along with the molten synthetic polymer, for example, the FDA-approved poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), primarily used for its exceptional mechanical properties and moderate biodegradability. (11−14) Currently, molten extrusion-based 3D printing is the only available technique to produce 3D structures with high fidelity and reproducibility for biomedical applications. (8−10) An ideal engineered construct should resemble the native extracellular matrix (ECM), which is an intricate 3D network composed of collagen fibrils and other biomolecules that mainly provide physical and mechanical strength to the tissue and is responsible for diverse biological functions. (7) Among these, biomedical applications have attracted intensive attention in recent decades, as genetics and exogenous factors, such as aging, diseases, and injury affecting the human body, highly demand clinical repairs to restore the functions and morphologies of the damaged tissues or organs. Our approach brings the century-old electrospinning to the new list of viable 3D scaffold constructing techniques, which goes beyond applications in tissue engineering.Ĭonstruction of three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds is important for various applications from nano- to macroscale (1−4) notable examples include functional DNA origami, (5) artificial human organs, (6) 3D-printed houses, and so on. A 3D cell culture study ensured the anatomical compatibility of the so-made 3D scaffolds. With a simple electrospinning setup and innovative writing strategies supported by simulation, we successfully overcame the intricate jet–field interactions while preserving high-fidelity template topographies, via excellent target recognition, with pattern features ranging from 100’s μm to 10’s cm. ![]() Herein, we constructed, for the first time, geometrically challenging 3D fibrous scaffolds using biodegradable poly(ε-caprolactone), mimicking human-organ-scale face, female breast, nipple, and vascular graft, with exceptional shape memory and free-standing features by a novel field self-searching process of autopilot polymer jet, essentially resembling the silkworm-like cocoon spinning. ![]() However, its complex charge-influenced jet–field interactions and the associated random motion were hardly overcome for almost a century, thus preventing it from being a viable technique for 3D topographic scaffold construction. Although three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a popular approach in making 3D topographic scaffolds, electrospinning stands out from all other techniques for fabricating extracellular matrix mimicking fibrous scaffolds. Bioengineered scaffolds satisfying both the physiological and anatomical considerations could potentially repair partially damaged tissues to whole organs. ![]()
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